本书主要介绍了计算机系统的基本概念，包括最底层的内存中的数据表示、流水线指令的构成、虚拟存储器、编译系统、动态加载库以及用户应用等。书中提供了大量实际操作，可以帮助读者更好地理解程序执行的方式，改进程序的执行效率。此书以程序员的视角全面讲解了计算机系统，深入浅出地介绍了处理器、编译器、操作系统和网络环境，是这一领域的权威之作。
Randal E.Bryant
1981年在麻省理工学院获计算机科学博士学位，现任美国卡内基梅隆大学计算机科学系的主任教授，是ACM和IEEE的双会士，多次获得这两个协会颁发的大奖。Bryant教授从事计算机系统方面的教学工作已超过20年，结合计算机体系结构课程多年的教学经验，他开始把关注点从如何设计计算机转移到如何使程序员在更好地了解系统的情况下编写出更有效、可靠的程序上来。
This book, Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective (CS:APP), is for programmers who want to improve their skills by learning what is going on "under the hood" of a computer system.
Our aim is to explain the enduring concepts underlying all computer systems, and to show you the concrete ways that these ideas affect the correctness, performance, and utility of your application programs. Unlike other systems books, which are written primarily for system builders, this book is written for programmers, from a programmer's perspective.
If you study and learn the concepts in this book, you will be on your way to becoming the rare "power programmer" who knows how things work and how to fix them when they break. You will also be prepared to study specific systems topics such as compilers, computer architecture, operating systems, embedded systems, and networking.
Assumptions About the Reader's Background
The examples in the book are based on Intel-compatible processors (called "IA32" by Intel and "x86" colloquially) running C programs on Unix or Unix-like (such as Linux) operating systems. (To simplify our presentation, we will use the term "Unix" as an umbrella term for systems like Solaris and Linux.) The text contains numerous programming examples that have been compiled and run on Linux systems. We assume that you have access to such a machine, and are able to log in and do simple things such as changing directories.
If your computer runs Microsoft Windows, you have two choices. First, you can get a copy of Linux (see www. 1 inux. org or www. redhat, c om) and install it as a "dual boot" option, so that your machine can run either operating system. Alternatively, by installing a copy of the Cygwin tools (www. cygwin, com), you can have up a Unix-like shell under Windows and have an environment very close to that provided by Linux. Not all features of Linux are available under Cygwin, however.
We also assume that you have some familiarity with C or C++. If your only prior experience is with Java, the transition will require more effort on your part, but we will help you. Java and C share similar syntax and control statements. However, there are aspects of C, particularly pointers, explicit dynamic memory allocation, and formatted I/O, that do not exist in Java. Fortunately, C is a small language, and it is clearly and beautifully described in the classic "K&R" text by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie [40]. Regardless of your programming background, consider K&R an essential part of your personal systems library.
Several of the early chapters in the book explore the interactions between C programs and their machine-language counterparts. The machine language examples were all generated by the GNU Gcc compiler running on an Intel IA32 processor. We do not assume and prior experience with hardware, machine language, or assembly-language programming.
Origins of the Book
The book stems from an introductory course that we developed at Carnegie Mellon University in the Fall of 1998, called 15-213: Introduction to Computer Systems (ICS) [7]. The ICS course has been taught every semester since then, each time to about 150 students, mostly sophomores in computer science and computer engineering. It has since become a prerequisite for most upper-level systems courses in the CS and ECE departments at Carnegie Mellon.
The idea with ICS was to introduce students to computers in a different way. Few of our students would have the opportunity to build a computer system. On the other hand, most students, even the computer engineers, would be required to use and program computers on a daily basis. So we decided to teach about systems from the point of view of the programmer, using the following filter: We would cover a topic only if it affected the performance, correctness, or utility of user-level C programs.
For example, topics such as hardware adder and bus designs were out. Topics such as machine language were in, but instead of focusing on how to write assembly language, we would look at how C constructs such as pointers, loops, procedure calls and returns, and switch statements were translated by the compiler. Further, we would take a broader and more realistic view of the system as both hardware and systems software, covering such topics as linking, loading, processes, signals, performance optimization, measurement, ]JO, and network and concurrent programming.
This approach allowed us to teach the ICS course in a way that was practical, concrete, hands-on, and exciting for the students. The response from our students and faculty colleagues was immediate and overwhelmingly positive, and we realized that others outside of CMU might benefit from using our approach. Hence this book, which we developed over a period of two years from the ICS lecture notes.
Overview of the Book
The CS:APP book consists of 13 chapters designed to capture the core ideas in computer systems:
·Chapter 1: A Tour of Computer Systems. This chapter introduces the major ideas and themes in computer systems by tracing the life cycle of a simple "hello, world" program.
·Chapter 2: Representing and Manipulating Information. We cover computer arithmetic, emphasizing the properties of unsigned and two's complement number representations that affect programmers. We consider how numbers are represented and therefore what range of values can be encoded for a given word size. We consider the effect of casting between signed and unsigned numbers. We cover the mathematical properties of arithmetic operations. Students are surprised to learn that the (two's complement) sum or product of two positive numbers can be negative. On the other hand, two's complement arithmetic satisfies ring properties, and hence a compiler can transform multiplication by a constant into a sequence of shifts and adds. We use the bit-level operations of C to demonstrate the principles and applications of Boolean algebra. We cover the IEEE floating point format in terms of how it represents values and the mathematical properties of floating point operations.
Having a solid understanding of computer arithmetic is critical to writing reliable programs. For example, one cannot replace the expression (x
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