产业生态学（第2版·影印版） (2008 年度畅销榜NO.12454 )

产业生态学是一门研究经济和环境相互作用的新兴学科。产业生态学要求从根本上转变传统的基于污染末端治理的环境保护观念，全面、系统地将环境因素纳入产品、服务的设计开发过程，通过资源充分循环和能源高效利用，来实现经济与环境兼容、人与自然和谐共处的可持续发展目标。
1995年，本书第1版的出版在很大程度上奠定了刚刚诞生的产业生态学的学科基础。在充分保留第1版的精华和突出近十年来该学科发展内容的基础上，本书第2版全面、系统阐述了产业生态学的理论框架和实用工具。本书主要包括下列5个方面的内容：技术、社会与环境的相互作用，物理、生物和社会科学方法在产业生态学中的应用，面向环境的设计与生命周期评价，企业层面的产业生态学工具，系统层面的产业生态学工具。
本书适合作为高等院校环境专业、工程专业以及管理专业本科生和研究生的教材，也可以作为产品与过程设计人员和企业管理人员的操作指南，同时还能为政府决策人员提供发展循环经济和实现新型工业化的理论指导。

PART I INTRODUCING THE FIELD
Chapter 1 Humanity and Environment
1.1 The Tragedy of the Commons 1
1.2 The Master Equation 5
1.3 The Grand Objectives 8
1.4 Addressing the Challenge 14
Further Reading 15
Exercises 15
Chapter 2 The Industrial Ecology Concept
2.1 From Contemporaneous Thinking to Forward Thinking 17
2.2 Linking Industrial Activity and Environmental and Social Sciences 20
2.3 Key Questions of Industrial Ecology 21
2.4 An Overview 21
Further Reading 23
Exercises 23
Chapter 3 Technological Change and Evolving Risk
3.1 Historical Patterns in Technological Evolution 25
3.2 Approaches to Risk 30
3.3 Risk Assessment 33
3.4 Risk Communication 35
3.5 Risk Management 35
Further Reading 37
Exercises 38

PART II THE PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND SOCIETAL FRAMEWORK
Chapter 4 The Relevance of Biological Ecology to Technology
4.1 Considering the Analogy 39
4.2 Biological and Industrial Organisms 40
4.3 Food Chains: Networks of Nutrient and Energy Transfer 43
4.4 Population Ecology 47
4.5 Classification of Specific Linkages 49
4.6 The Utility of the Ecological Approach 52
Further Reading 54
Exercises 54
Chapter 5 The Status of Resources
5.1 Introduction 55
5.2 Depletion Times and Under abundant Resources 55
5.3 Hitchhiker Resources 57
5.4 Energy Resources 58
5.5 Energetically Limited Mineral Resources 60
5.6 Geographically Influenced Resource Availability 61
5.7 Environmentally Limited Resources 62
5.8 Cumulative Supply Curves 63
5.9 Water Resources 64
5.10 Summary 65
Further Reading 67
Exercises 67
Chapter 6 Society and Culture
6.1 Society, Culture, and Industrial Ecology 68
6.2 Cultural Constructs and Temporal Scales 69
6.3 The Private Firm in a Social Context 72
6.4 Environmentalism, Technology, and Society 72
Further Reading 75
Exercises 76
Chapter 7 Governments, Laws, and Economics
7.1 National Governmental Structures and Actions 77
7.2 International Governance Considerations 80
7.3 Industrial Ecology and the Legal System 81
7.4 Economics and Industrial Ecology 86
7.5 Finance, Capital, and Investment 90
Further Reading 92
Exercises 92

PART III DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 8 Industrial Product Design and Development
8.1 The Product Design Challenge 94
8.2 Conceptual Tools for Product Designers 96
8.3 Design for X 97
8.4 Product Design Teams 99
8.5 The Product Realization Process 101
Further Reading 103
Exercises 104
Chapter 9 Industrial Process Design and Operation
9.1 The Process Design Challenge 105
9.2 Pollution Prevention 106
9.3 The Challenge of Water Availability 109
9.4 The Process Life Cycle 111
9.5 The Approach to Process Analysis 113
9.6 Guidelines for Process Design and Operation 115
9.7 Implications for Corporations 116
Further Reading 116
Exercises 117
Chapter 10 Choosing Materials
10.1 Materials Selection Considerations 118
10.2 Materials and Environmental Hazards 119
10.3 Materials Sources and Principal Uses 121
10.4 Materials Substitution 126
10.5 Multiparameter Materials Selection 128
10.6 Dematerialization 134
10.7 Material Selection Guidelines 134
Further Reading 136
Exercises 136
Chapter 11 Designing for Energy Efficiency
11.1 Energy and Industry 137
11.2 Primary Processing Industries 139
11.3 Intermediate Processing Industries 140
11.4 Analyzing Energy Use 141
11.5 General Approaches to Minimizing Energy Use 144
11.6 Summary 147
Further Reading 147
Exercises 148
Chapter 12 Product Delivery
12.1 Introduction 149
12.2 General Packaging Considerations 150
12.3 Solid Residue Considerations 151
12.4 Liquid and Gaseous Emission Considerations 155
12.5 Transportation and Installation 155
12.6 Discussion and Summary 156
Further Reading 157
Exercises 157
Chapter 13 Environmental Interactions During Product Use
13.1 Introduction 158
13.2 Solid Residue Generation During Product Use 158
13.3 Liquid Residue Generation During Product Use 159
13.4 Gaseous Residue Generation During Product Use 159
13.5 Energy Consumption During Product Use 160
13.6 Intentionally Dissipative Products 161
13.7 Unintentionally Dissipative Products 162
13.8 Design for Maintainability 162
Further Reading 165
Exercises 165
Chapter 14 Design for End of Life
14.1 Introduction 166
14.2 General End-of-Life Considerations 171
14.3 Remanufacturing 173
14.4 Recycling 173
14.5 Fastening Parts Together 177
14.6 Planning for Recyclability 177
Further Reading 182
Exercises 182
Chapter 15 An Introduction to Life-Cycle Assessment
15.1 The Life Cycle of Industrial Products 183
15.2 The LCA Framework 186
15.3 Goal Setting and Scope Determination 188
15.4 Defining Boundaries 188
15.5 Approaches to Data Acquisition 191
Further Reading 196
Exercises 196
Chapter 16 The LCA Impact and Interpretation Stages
16.1 LCA Impact Analysis 197
16.2 Industrial Prioritization: The IVL/Volvo EPS System 198
16.3 Interpretation Analysis 204
16.4 Prioritization Diagrams 207
16.5 Discussion 210
Further Reading 211
Exercises 212
Chapter 17 Streamlining the LCA Process
17.1 The Assessment Continuum 214
17.2 Preserving Perspective 215
17.3 The SLCA Matrix 216
17.4 Target Plots 218
17.5 Assessing Generic Automobiles of Yesterday and Today 218
17.6 SLCA Assets and Liabilities 224
17.7 Discussion 226
Further Reading 226
Exercises 227
Chapter 18 Using the Corporate Industrial Ecology Toolbox
18.1 Stages and Scales in Industrial Environmental Management 228
18.2 The First Stage: Regulatory Compliance 228
18.3 The Second Stage: Pollution Prevention 229
18.4 The Third Stage: Design for Environment 230
18.5 Environmental Opportunities at the PRP Gates 231
18.6 The Industrial Ecology Mechanic and the Toolbox 234
18.7 Industrial Ecology Tools for the Service Sector 235
Further Reading 236
Exercises 236

PART IV CORPORATE INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
Chapter 19 Managing Industrial Ecology in the Corporation
19.1 Overview 237
19.2 Environment as Strategic for the Firm 238
19.3 Implementing Industrial Ecology in the Corporation 239
Further Reading 244
Exercises 244
Chapter 20 Indicators and Metrics
20.1 The Importance of Indicators and Metrics 245
20.2 Metric Systems Development 246
20.3 Industry-Level Metrics 248
20.4 Metrics Displays and Metrics Aggregation 251
20.5 Hierarchical Metrics Systems 252
Further Reading 254
Exercises 254
Chapter 21 Services Technology and Environment
21.1 Defining Services 256
21.2 The Environmental Dimensions of Services 261
21.3 The Industrial Ecology of Service Firms 263
Further Reading 266
Exercises 266

PART V SYSTEMS-LEVEL INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
Chapter 22 Industrial Ecosystems
22.1 The Ecosystems Concept 268
22.2 Industrial Symbiosis 273
22.3 Designing and Developing Symbiotic Industrical Ecosystems 275
22.4 Resource Flow in Industrial Ecosystems 277
22.5 Pattern and Scale in Industrial Ecosystems 279
22.6 The Utility of Mixed Ecological Approaches 281
Further Reading 283
Exercises 283
Chapter 23 Metabolic and Resource Analyses
23.1 Budgets and Cycles 284
23.2 Metabolic Analyses in Industrial Ecology 289
23.3 Resource Analyses in Industrial Ecology 291
23.4 The Balance Between Natural and Anthropogenic Mobilization of Resources 296
23.5 The Utility of Metabolic and Resource Analyses 297
Further Reading 298
Exercises 298
Chapter 24 Systems Analysis, Models, and Scenario Development
24.1 Thinking at the Systems Level 299
24.2 Models of Technological Systems 305
24.3 Describing Possible Futures 308
24.4 Developing a Predictive Industrial Ecology 313
Further Reading 314
Exercises 315
Chapter 25 Earth Systems Engineering and Management
25.1 Introducing the Concept 316
25.2 Examples of ESEM, Implemented and Proposed 317
25.3 The Principles of ESEM 323
25.4 Facing the ESEM Question 324
Further Reading 326
Exercises 327
Chapter 26 The Future of Industrial Ecology
26.1 Industrial Ecology in the Midst of Change 328
26.2 The Industrial Ecology Hardware Store 329
26.3 Industrial Ecology as an Evolving Science 331
26.4 An Industrial Ecology Research Roadmap 335
26.5 Redefining the Challenge 338
Further Reading 338
Appendix A Electronic Solder Alternatives: A Detailed Case Study
Appendix B Units of Measurement in Industrial Ecology
Glossary
Index

It has been a maxim of many years' standing that the goals of industry are incompatible with the preservation and enhancement of the environment. It is unclear whether that maxim was ever true in the past, but there is certainly no question that it is untrue today. The more forward-looking corporations and the more forward-looking nations recognize that providing a suitable quality of life for Earth's citizens will involve not less industrial activity but more, not less reliance on new technologies but more, not less interaction of technology with society but more, and that providing a sustainable world will require close attention to industry-environment interactions. This aware ness of corporations, of citizens, and of governments promises to ensure that corporations that adopt responsible approaches to industrial activities will not only avoid problems but will benefit from their foresight. Indeed, the involvement of industry is crucial if the world is to achieve sustain able development. Robert Sievers of the University of Colorado points out that govemments have many critical short-term issues demanding their attention: achieving economic stability, feeding growing populations, establishing politically viable nations, making the transition from centrally controlled to free market economies, and so forth. The activities of many governments may thus be rather insular for the foresee-able future. At the same time, corporations are increasingly multinational, have longer time horizons, and depend for their survival and prosperity on relatively stable global business conditions and on responding to the desires and concerns of many different cultures and populations. Private firms, not governments, choose, develop, implement, and understand technology. Hence, responsible corporations may turn out to be among the global leaders in the transition between nonsustainable and sustainable development, but they will need the help of governments and nongovernmental organizations in establishing broad, insightful approaches and frameworks to the complex interactions that are involved. There are three time scales of significance in examining the interactions of industry and environment. The first is that of the past, and concerns itself almost entirely with remedies for dealing with inappropriate disposal of industrial wastes. The second time scale is that of the present, and deals largely with complying with regulations, with preventing the obvious mistakes of the past, and with conducting responsible operations. Hence, it emphasizes waste minimization, avoidance of known toxic chemicals, and "end-of-pipe" control of emissions to air, water, and soil. Corporate environment and safety personnel are often involved, as are manufacturing personnel, in making small to modest changes to processes that have proved their worth over the years. On neither of these time scales do today's industrial process designers and engineers play a significant role. The third time scale is that of the future. The industrial products, processes, and services that are being designed and developed today will dictate a large fraction of the industry--environment interactions over the next few decades. Thus, process and product design engineers hold much of the future of industry-environment interactions in their hands, and nearly all are favorably disposed toward doing their jobs with the environment in mind. Their problem is that doing so requires knowledge and perspective never given to them during their college or professional educations and not readily available in their current positions. Remedying this situation for the students and technological professionals of today and tomorrow is the primary focus of this book. In addition, we have crafted the book so that it will be a useful addition to curricula in policy, business, environmental science, law, and other related specialties, since it is equally important that students and professionals in those disciplines understand more about technology's role in mitigating or contributing to environmental problems. Industrial ecology, which we define in Chapter 2, is a modem approach to thinking about economy-environment interactions. As applied to manufacturing, it requires familiarity with industrial activities, environmental processes, and societal interactions, a combination of specialties that is rare. Accordingly, we have purposely at tempted to make this volume useful for those whose primary background is industrial, environmental, or societal, or for those who interact with specialists in those disciplines. Many chapters include discussions of common industrial approaches to the issue being discussed as well as perspective on the environmental impacts produced. For the latter, we emphasize impacts on long time and space scales, as shorter horizons are often better recognized and better regulated either internally or externally. The approaches differ depending on the venue, but all in all, industrial ecology is about ways to transform environmental goals into reality. The book is divided into five sections. The first provides a brief definition of the topic and outlines the approach of the book. The second, the Physical, Biological, and Societal Framework, describes the playing field on which industrial ecology operates, and the opportunities and constraints that each of these areas provides. In the third section, Design for Environment, topics central to the designers of products, processes, and services are discussed: energy, materials, product delivery and use, end of life. The central concept of life-cycle assessment is introduced here in some detail. The fourth section, Corporate Industrial Ecology, addresses the implementation of industrial ecology within the corporate environment. The final section, Systems-Level Industrial Ecology, deals with is sues broader than a design, a factory, or a corporation, as we discuss industrial ecosystems, resource analysis, models and predictions, and Earth system science and engineering. We have purposely mixed the philosophical with the practical. Avoiding that mix creates a textual product that is easier to write and easier to comprehend, but one that is much less relevant. The essence of industrial ecology is that it is the combination of technology with society, and that combination has many facets and many implications. The industrial ecologist needs to appreciate corporate and societal interactions, and to understand something of the interactions of industrial activity with the environment. Only at that point is there a logical framework in which to place goals and techniques. We have been gratified at the reception given to the first edition of this book. It was published in 1995, at a time when industrial ecology was a young field searching for definition, approaches, and tools. Our attempt to fill this need was inevitably preliminary. Nonetheless, several thousand students and professionals used the book; Sukehiro Gotoh of Japan's National Institute for Research on the Environment translated it into Japanese; and several thousand students and professionals acquired our subsequent books, Design for Environment (1995), Industrial Ecology and the Auto-mobile (1998), Streamlined Life-Cycle Assessment (1998) (T.E.G. only), and Industrial Ecology: Policy Framework and Implications (1999) (B.R.A. only), all published by Prentice Hall. During these few years, the field has begun its own archival publication, the Journal of Industrial Ecology, and has formed the International Society of Industrial Ecology. The vigor and lasting nature of industrial ecology is now unmistakable. As industrial ecology has developed, ideas that were embryonic a decade ago have matured, and new ways of approaching technology-environment interactions have emerged. Accordingly, we spend significant parts of this edition of the book on topics completely unaddressed in the first edition: the relevance of biological ecology, indicators and metrics, the service sector, industrial symbiosis, systems analysis, and scenario development, to name a few. In a textbook for a mature field, these additions would be largely a synthesis of the work of many. Industrial ecology is new enough and its practitioners few enough, however, that parts of these topics represent our efforts to define and describe areas not yet widely addressed, but appearing to hold consider able promise. These new areas seem likely to transform industrial ecology from a topic centered rather narrowly on product design to one defining the parameters and pathways toward sustainable development. In the process, industrial ecology is becoming increasingly interdisciplinary and ever more broadly relevant. We are grateful to many people for their help during the preparation of this second edition. Detailed reviews were performed by Arpad Horvath, University of California, Berkeley, Timothy Considine, Pennsylvania State University, M. Bertram, R. Gordon, R. Lifset, H. Rechberger, and S. Spatari, and the book is much the better for their comments. For the use of illustrations and examples, we thank I. Horkeby (Volvo Car Corporation), and R. Tierney (Pratt & Whitney). We have appreciated our interactions with the staff at Prentice Hall, especially Marcia Horton and Laura Fischer, who have helped us produce what we feel is a most attractive book. Finally, we thank AT&T, the AT&T and Lucent Foundations, the U.S. National Science Foundation, and the U.S. National Academy of Engineering for their support of industrial ecology initiatives; their help has been essential in the development of this new field.