集成电路版图设计 (2008 年度畅销榜NO.2280 )

现在您可以轻轻松松，兴致盎然地学习和掌握集成电路版图设计了！本书作者Christopher Saint，IBM的顶尖讲师之一，以轻松幽默的文笔为读者提供了一本图文并茂、实用易读的版图设计参考书，自下而上，由浅入深地构造了设计理念，毫无保留地讲述了从最初版图设计到最终仿真的方方面面。内容覆盖了模拟电路、数字电路、标准单元、高频电路、双极型和射频集成电路的版图设计技术，讨论了版图设计中有关我匹配、寄生参数、噪声、布局、验证、封装等问题及数据格式，最后还提供了两个实际的例子，CMOS放大器与双极型混频器的版图设计。
这些精心组织的材料不仅提供了版图设计一步一步的细节指导，有利于读者深刻理解版图设计的全过程，而且也展示了在版图设计中的关键技术，使读者可真接的应用于日常的工作中。无论对于经验丰富的专业人士或是新手，无疑都会开阔您的眼界、拓展您的思路、启发您的创新意识，从而更能激起您对于版图设计工作，一项极有价值工作的热爱。

Introduction
Acknowledgments
Open Letter to Circult Designers

Chapter 1 Digital Layout
Chapter Preview
Opening Thoughts on Digital Layout
Design Proces
Verifying the Circuitry Logic
Compiling a Netlist
Drive Strength
Clock Tree Synthesis
Layout Process
Floorplanning
Block Placement
Gate Grouping
Block Level Connectivity
Using Flylines
Timing Checks
Placement
I/O Drivers
Routing
Power Nets
Strapping
Clock Net Wiring
Other Critical Nets
Remaining Nets
Finishing the Wiring by Hand
Prefabricated Gate Array Chips
Verification
Design Verification
Physical Verification
GDSII File
DRC and LVS Checks
Library Management
Summary and Flowchart
Colsure on Digital Layout
Here's What We've Learned

Chapter 2 Standard Cell Techniques
Chapter Preview
Opening Thoughts on Standard Cell Techniques
Standardized Grids
Grid-Based Systems
Determining Grid Size
Rule-Based Routers
Directional Layer Technique
Library Rules for Grid-Based Systems
Input and Output Alignment
Fixed Height,Variable Width
Determining Wire Garge
Common N Well
Half-Grid Cell Sizing
Half Design Rule
Routing Channels
Antenna Rules
Standardized Input and Output Cells
Using Standardization in Analog Mask Design
Closure on Standard Cell Techniques
Here's What We've Learned

Chapter 3 Analog Layout
Chapter Preview
Opening Thoughts on Analog Layout
Digital Skills vs.Analog Skills
Difference of Scale
Difference of Teamwork
Difference of Completion Schedule
Difference of Innovation
Difference of Constraints
Difference of Understanding Circuit Techniques
Three Key Questions
QUESTION 1:What does this circuit do?
QUESTION 2:How much current does it take?
Calculating Crrent Densities
QUESTION 2a:Where are the high and low current paths?
Device Orientation
QUESTION 3:What matching requirements are there?
Additional Questions
Bipolar Analog
Expctations of an Analog Mask Designer
Closure on Analog Layout
Here's What We've Learned
Appendix:Key Questions Discussion

Chapter 4 Parasitics
Chapter Preview
Opening Thoughts on Parastics
Parasitic Capacitance
Wire Length
Metal Selection
Metal over Metal
Parasitic Resistance
Calculating IR Drops
Wiring Options
Parasitic Inductance
Device Parasitics
CMOS Transistor Example
Bipolar Transistor Example
Full Custom Options
Closure on Parasitics
Here's What We've Learned

Chapter 5 Matching
Chapter Preview
Opening Thoughts on Parasitics
Parasitic Capacitance
Wire Length
Metal Selection
Metal over Metal
Parsitic Resistance
Calculating IR Drops
Wiring Options
Parsitic Inductance
Device Parsitics
CMOS Transistor Example
Bipolar Transistor Example
Full Custom Options
Closure on Parasitics
Here's What We've Learned

Chapter 5 Matching
Chapter Preview
Opening Thoughts on Matching
Importance of Layout
Importance of Communication
Simple Matching
Root Device Method
Imterdigitaing Devices
Dummy Devices
Common Centroid
Cross-Quading
Symmetry
Matching Signal Paths
Device Size Choices
Closure on Matching
Here's What We've Learned
Rules of Matching

Chapter 6 Noise Issues
Chapter Preview
Opening Thoughts on Noise Issues
Noisy Neighbors
CommonSense Noise Solutions
Turn Down the Volume
Rock Band Moves Inside Their House
Go Inside Your Own House
Close All Windows
Call the Sheriff
Move to a New Neighborhood
Wire Solutions
Coaxial Shielding
Differential Signals
Decoupled Power Rails
Stacked Power Rails
Harmonic Interference
Closure on Noise Issues
Here's What We've Learned

Chapter 7 Floorplanning
Chapter Preview
Opening Thoughts on Floorplanning
Primary Drivers of Floorplanning
Pin-Driven Planning
Effect of Pin Placement
ESD Supply Strategies
Block-Driven Planning
Signal-Diven Planning
Reshaping Blocks
Sizing Estimates
Leaving Enough Room
Estimating with Existing Circuitry
Closeure on Floorplanning
Here's What We've Learned

Chapter 8 General Techniques
Chapter Preview
General Techniques
#1 Pick Five or Six Non-minimum Design Rules
#2 Get Thee to the Lowest Parasitic Metal
#3 Plenty of Wide Wiring and Vias
#4 Don't Believe Your Circuit Designer
#5 Use a Consistent Orientation
#6 Don't Believe Your Circuit Designer
#7 Keep Off the Blocks
#8 Care for Your Sensitive and Noisy Signals Early
#9 If It Looks Nice,It Will Work
#10 Learn Your Process
#11 Don't Let Noise Find the Substrate
#12 Spresd Your Spinach around Your Dinner Plate
#13 Copy and Raname Cells before Making Changes
#14Remember Your Hierarchy Level
#15 Build-in Easy Metal Revisions
#16 Draw Big Power Buses
#17 Break Up Large Circuits
Closure on General Techniques
Ancient Senrets of Mask Design

Chapter 9 Packaging
Chapter Preview
Opening Thoughts on Packaging
Bonding Methods
Ultrasonic Wedge Bonding
Ultrasonic Ball Bonding
Flip Chip Technology
Multi-Tier Packaging
Issues in Packaging
Overall Appearance
45-Degree Rule
Minimal Silicon Overlap
Wire Length
Pad Distribution
Sizing Estimates
Pad-Limited Design
Core-Limited Design
Padkage Maximum Check
Final Die Size Calculations
Filling Pad Gaps
Closure on Packaging
Here's What We've Learned

Chapter 10 Verification
Chapter Preview
Opening Thoughts on Verification
Checking Software
Design Rule Check(DRC)
Boolean Command Lines
AND Function
OR Function
NOT Function
Rule Checking Command Lines
Layout Versus Schematic(LVS)
Netlists
Problem Solving
1.Check Number of Devices
2.Check Types of Devices
3.Check Number of Nets
4.Soluing Complex Net Problems a.Power Supplies
5.Don't Trust Your Circuit Designer
6.Check for Possible Swapping Over
7.Check for a Top Level Short
8.Check for Ninja Invisibility
9.Know Your Circuits
10.Let Others Help
Closure on Verification
Here's What We've Learned

Chapter 11 Data Formats
Chapter Preview
Opening Thoughts on Data Formats
Industry Standard Database Formats
Header Information
Coordinating Resolutions
Pattern Generation
Know Your Grids
Closure on Data Formats
Here's What We've Learned
Chapter Study #1 CMOS Amplifier
The New Job Assignment
Bill Reasons His Floorplan
Bill Thinks Through His Layout
Ted Returns
Bill Rethinks
The Chip Is Assembled
Packaging

Appendix
Case Study #2 Bipolar Mixer
Introduction to Case Study 2
The Assignment
"What Does the Circuit Do?"
"What Are the Circuit Requirements?"
Bipolar Trasistor Review
First Layout
Initial Overview
Current Source
Transistors
Resistors
Lower Pair
Emitters
Bases
Collectors
Upper Quad
Emitters
Bases
Collectors
Loads
Output
Resistors
Analysis of First Layout
Bipolar Transistor Layout-Wrap-Around Technique
Second Layout
Current Source
Emitters
Bases
Collectors
Resistors
Lower Pair
Interdigitation Plan
Emitters
Collectors
Bases
Inputs
Upper Quad
Interdigitation Plan
Emitters
Collectors
Bases
Inputs
Loads
Interdigitation Plan
Resistors
Outputs
Analysis of Second Layout
Third Layout
Lower Pair
Cross-Quading Plan
Emitters
Collectors
Bases
Inputs
Final Analysis
Comparison of Case Study 1 and Case Study 2
Beginnings
The Four Engineers
Outtakes
Contact Us
Suggested Readings and Resources
Educational Programs

Glossary

Index

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