决策支持和数据仓库系统（英文影印版） (2008 年度畅销榜NO.23865 )

本书是关于决策支持系统及其应用的教科书，从应用的角度对策支持系统的基本概念、系统组成、开发方法等方面做了详细介绍。作者同时结合20世纪90年代发展起来的数据仓库技术，介绍了数据仓库的构成和基于数据仓库的决策支持技术。书的最后还介绍了系统集成方法和DSS的发展方向。从内容上说，本书的四个主要部分基本涵盖了决策支持系统和数据仓库系统所有的基本概念和开发方法，具有比较好的全面性。\r\n
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PART I \r\n\r\n Introduction to Decision Support Systems \r\n\r\n 1 INTRODUCTION TO DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS \r\n\r\n 1.1 How Decision Suppon Systems Evolved \r\n\r\n 1.2 What Is aDSS? \r\n\r\n 1.3 Why Decision SuppoH Systems Matter \r\n\r\n 1.4 DSS Benefi!s \r\n\r\n 1.5 Why Study DSS? \r\n\r\n 1.6 The Plan ot This Book \r\n\r\n Summary \r\n\r\n Key Terms \r\n\r\n Review Questions \r\n\r\n Exercises \r\n\r\n References \r\n\r\n Fon Lowell Trading Company \r\n\r\n 2 HUMAN DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES \r\n\r\n 2.1 What Is a Decision? \r\n\r\n 2.2 The Decision Process \r\n\r\n 2.2. f The Intelligence Phase \r\n\r\n 2.2.2 The Design Phase \r\n\r\n 2.2.3 The Choice Phase \r\n\r\n 2.3 Types of Decisions \r\n\r\n 2.4 How Businesspeople Make Decisions \r\n\r\n 2.4.l The RaUonal Atanagcr \r\n\r\n 2.4.2 Subfective Utility \r\n\r\n 2.4.3 Systcmatic Dccision Making \r\n\r\n 2.4.4 Satlsficing \r\n\r\n 2.4.5 Organizaf;onal and Political Decision Rtaking \r\n\r\n 2.5 The Impact of Psychotogical Type on Decision Making \r\n\r\n 2.6 The Impact of Culture on Decision Making \r\n\r\n 2.7 The Kepner-Tregoe Decision- Making Method \r\n\r\n 2.7.1 Stafe rhe Pufpose of the Decision \r\n\r\n 2.7.2 Establlsh Objecrives \r\n\r\n 2.7.3 Classify According to Imporlance \r\n\r\n 2.7.4 Generare Alternatives \r\n\r\n 2.7.5 Evaluate Iltemarives Against Objccrives \r\n\r\n 2.7.6 Tentatively. Choose the Best Alterenlative \r\n\r\n 2.7.7 Assess Adverse Consequences \r\n\r\n 2.7.8 Atcfke a Final Choice \r\n\r\n Summary \r\n\r\n Key Terms \r\n\r\n Review Questions \r\n\r\n Exercises \r\n\r\n References \r\n\r\n FoH Lowell Trading Company \r\n\r\n Exercises \r\n\r\n 3 SYSTEMS, INFORMATION QUALITY, AND MODELS \r\n\r\n 3.l About Systems \r\n\r\n 3.2 Information Systems \r\n\r\n 3.3 Data Flow Diagrams \r\n\r\n 3.4 DSS as Information Systems \r\n\r\n 3.5 Information and Information Quality \r\n\r\n 3.5.l Infomlcltion Versus Data \r\n\r\n 3.5.2 Infornlofion Quality \r\n\r\n 3.5.3 Information Quality Factors \r\n\r\n 3.6 Models \r\n\r\n Summary \r\n\r\n Key Terms \r\n\r\n Review Questions \r\n\r\n Exercises \r\n\r\n References \r\n\r\n Fort Lowell Trading Company \r\n\r\n Exercises \r\n\r\n 4 TYPES OF DEOiSION SUPPORT SYSTEMS \r\n\r\n 4.l The DSS Hierarchy \r\n\r\n 4.l.l Overview of thc DSS Hierarchy \r\n\r\n 4.1.2 The Seven DSS Types \r\n\r\n 4.l.3 Applying the DSS Types to Airline Yield Management \r\n\r\n 4.2 Generalizing the DSS Categories \r\n\r\n 4.3 Matching DSS to the Decision Type \r\n\r\n 4.4 Individual and Group DSS \r\n\r\n 4.5 Matching BeneRts to the DSS User Community \r\n\r\n 4.6 Matching DSS to the Decision Maker' s Psychological Type \r\n\r\n 4.6.1 Introversion/Extraversion \r\n\r\n 4.6.2 Sensing/Intuition \r\n\r\n 4.6.3 Thinking/Feeling \r\n\r\n 4.6.4 Judgment/Perception \r\n\r\n 4.6.5 Combinations of Prefercnces \r\n\r\n 4.7 Usage Modes \r\n\r\n 4.8 Institutional Versus Ad Hoc DSS \r\n\r\n Summary \r\n\r\n Key Terms \r\n\r\n Review Questions \r\n\r\n Exercises \r\n\r\n References \r\n\r\n Fon Lowell Trading Company \r\n\r\n Exercises \r\n\r\n 5 DSS ARCHITECTURE, HARDWARE, AND OPERATING SYSTEM PLATFORMS \r\n\r\n 5. 1 Defining the DSS Architecture \r\n\r\n 5.2 The Major Options \r\n\r\n 5.3 DSS on the Central Corporate System \r\n\r\n 5.4 DSS and Client/Server Computing \r\n\r\n 5.5 The Internet and ClienUServer Computing in DSS \r\n\r\n 5.6 DSS Using Shared Data on a Separate System \r\n\r\n 5.7 DSS on a Stand-Alone System \r\n\r\n 5.8 Open Systems and DSS \r\n\r\n 5.9 Choosing a DSS Hardware Environment \r\n\r\n Summary \r\n\r\n Key lerms \r\n\r\n Review Questions \r\n\r\n Exercises \r\n\r\n References \r\n\r\n Fon Lowell Trading Company \r\n\r\n Exercises \r\n\r\n 6 DSS SOFTWARE TOOLS \r\n\r\n 6.1 DSS Software Categories \r\n\r\n 6.2 Standard Packages \r\n\r\n 6.3 Specialized Tools and Generators \r\n\r\n 6.3.1 Database ,Management Systems \r\n\r\n 6.3.2 Information Rerrieval Packages \r\n\r\n 6.3.3 Specfalized Alodeling Languages \r\n\r\n 6.3.4 Staristical Dafa Analysis Packages \r\n\r\n 6.3.5 Forecasring Packages \r\n\r\n 6.3.6 Graphing Packages \r\n\r\n 6.4 Programming Languages for DSS \r\n\r\n 6.4.1 Third-Generation Programming Languages \r\n\r\n 6.4.2 Fourth-Generation Programming Languages \r\n\r\n 6.5 DSS User Interfaces \r\n\r\n 6.5.l Factors fo Consider in User Inferface Design \r\n\r\n 6.5.2 User Interface Styles \r\n\r\n 6.5.3 Hypertext/Hypermedia \r\n\r\n Summary \r\n\r\n Key Terms \r\n\r\n Review Questions \r\n\r\n Exercises \r\n\r\n References \r\n\r\n Fon Lowell Trading Company \r\n\r\n Exercises \r\n\r\n 7 BUILDING AND IMPLEMENTING DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS \r\n\r\n 7.1 The DSS Development Process \r\n\r\n 7.1.1 The SDLCApproach \r\n\r\n 7.1.2 Proto(yping \r\n\r\n 7. l.3 End-User Developmcnt \r\n\r\n 7.2 DSS Development Project Panicipants \r\n\r\n 7.3 The Implementation Stage \r\n\r\n 7.4 System Conversion \r\n\r\n 7.5 Overcoming Resistance to Change \r\n\r\n 7.5.l Unfreezing \r\n\r\n 7.5.2 Moving \r\n\r\n 7.5.3 Refreezing \r\n\r\n 7.6 DSS Implementation Issues \r\n\r\n 7.6.l Technical DSS Implemenralion Issties \r\n\r\n 7.6.2 User-Relaled DSS Implcmentation Issues \r\n\r\n 7.7 Using the Lists of Issues \r\n\r\n 7.8 Ethical Issues in DSS Implementation \r\n\r\n Summary \r\n\r\n Key Terms \r\n\r\n Review Questions \r\n\r\n Exercises \r\n\r\n References \r\n\r\n Fort Lowell Trading Company \r\n\r\n Exercises \r\n\r\n 8 MODELS IN DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS \r\n\r\n 8.1 Types ofModels \r\n\r\n 8.1.1 htodel Types \r\n\r\n 8.l.2 Atodel Types Used in DSS \r\n\r\n 8.l.3 Simplificafion in Models \r\n\r\n 8.2 Discrete-Event Simulation Models \r\n\r\n 8.2.l Thc Concepf ofDlscrete-Evenl Simulotion \r\n\r\n 8.2.2 A Discrete-Event Simulatlon Exbmple \r\n\r\n 8.2.3 Designing a Discrete-Evenf SimulaUon Model \r\n\r\n 8.2.4 Anofher Simularion Example \r\n\r\n 8.2.5 Complete Simulation Studies \r\n\r\n 8.3 Random Numbers, Pseudo-random Numbers. and Statistical \r\n\r\n Distributions \r\n\r\n 8.4 Static Simulation Models \r\n\r\n Summary \r\n\r\n Key Terms \r\n\r\n Review Questions \r\n\r\n Exercises \r\n\r\n References \r\n\r\n Fon Lowell Trading Company \r\n\r\n Exercises \r\n\r\n 9 MATHEMATICAL MODELS AND OPTIMIZATION \r\n\r\n 9.l Queuing Models \r\n\r\n 9.l.l Queuing Theory Concepfs \r\n\r\n 9.l.2 A Queuing Theory Example \r\n\r\n 9.l.3 Generalizing the Solution \r\n\r\n 9.l.4 Arrival and Deparrure Time Distrlburlons \r\n\r\n 9.l.5 Queuing Theory on a Compurer \r\n\r\n 9.2 Markov Process Models \r\n\r\n 9.2.l The Rlarkoy, Process Model Concept \r\n\r\n 9.2.2 Computer Calculations for Markoy Processes \r\n\r\n 9.3 Simulation, Queuing Theory, and Markov Processes Compared \r\n\r\n 9.4 Optimization \r\n\r\n 9.4.l Complete Enumeration \r\n\r\n 9.4.2 Random Search \r\n\r\n 9.4.3 The Calculus Approach \r\n\r\n 9.4.4 Linear Programming fLPJ \r\n\r\n 9.4.5 Numerical htethods \r\n\r\n Summary \r\n\r\n Key Terms \r\n\r\n Review Questions \r\n\r\n Exercises \r\n\r\n References \r\n\r\n Fon Lowell Trading Company \r\n\r\n Exercises \r\n\r\n 10 GROUP DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS \r\n\r\n 1O.l What Are Group DSS? \r\n\r\n 1O.2 Why Croup DSS Now? . \r\n\r\n 1O.2.1 Organizational Reasons for GDSS Growth \r\n\r\n 1O.2.2 Technical Reasons for Group DSS Growth \r\n\r\n 1O.2.3 Putting thc Factors Togefher \r\n\r\n 10.3 Group Versus Indi\'idual Activities \r\n\r\n 1O.4 Media Richness and Task Types \r\n\r\n 1O.4.l Richncss \r\n\r\n 1O.4.2 Task \r\n\r\n 1O.4.3 Task and Media Fit \r\n\r\n 1O.5 Types of Group DSS \r\n\r\n 1O.6 Groupware \r\n\r\n 1O.7 Group DSS in Use Today \r\n\r\n 1O.7.l Elecfronic Meeting Systems \r\n\r\n 1O.7.2 Work Flow Sysfems \r\n\r\n 1O.8 Groupware Products \r\n\r\n 1O.8.l Collaborative Authoring DOLPHIN and MERRIAID \r\n\r\n 1O.8.2 Lotus Nofes \r\n\r\n 1O.8.3 InConcerf Work Flow \r\n\r\n Summary \r\n\r\n Key Terms \r\n\r\n Review Questions \r\n\r\n Exercises \r\n\r\n References \r\n\r\n Fort Lowell Trading Company \r\n\r\n Exercises \r\n
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WHY THIS BooK?

Decision Support and Data Warehouse Systems is intended as a textbook for a one-semester course in decision support systems (DSS), with data warehousing playing the same staning role in the course as it does in today's decision support picture. With the addition of enrichment material in data warehousing, much of which can be found on the Web, it also fits a quaner system: the DSS ponion of the book fits one quarter, and the data warehousing portion can easily be expanded to fill another. The book suits these environments:

Management (business administration) programs, at the advanced undergraduate or master's level.

Programs in computers and information systems (CIS) or in application-oriented computer science programs, typically at the advanced undergraduate level. (My own DSS courses, while offered in our College of Management, attract computer science majors as well.)

Workshops for practicing professionals who need a grasp of this imponant area of technology.

I wrote this book for the same reason that most authors write textbooks: I had taught the subject for several semesters and was not satisfied with any of the available texts. It is meant to offer several advantages over its altematives.

It has a realistic objective: to help the student understand decision suppon systems. not to create an experienced professional.

It was written as a unified whole in which each chapter relates its content to what went before and is, in turn, related to what will follow.

As a result, topics are reinforced by continued use rather than being touched upon and subsequently forgotten.

It gets away from the conventional wisdom, often repeated in textbook after textbook, long after actual practice has left it in the dnst, to refiect how the real world works.

It focuses throughout, not just on how things are, but on why they are that way. It does not present facts or research results without explanation and context.

Along the same lines, it does not attempt to provide exhaustive coverage of every fact or research result that exists. It focnses on what is (in the author's opinion) important.

It makes realistic assumptions about what students have already studied. It neither presumes they remember every nuance of their introductory IS course nor insults them by assuming they never saw the subject.

It offers many accessible, often nontechnical (even homey) examples of difiicult concepts.

It includes a running case that enables the students to apply the concepts in the chapters to a familiar situation.

A leaming tool for the twenty-first century must be more than well planned, though. It must be cunent. No technology is changing the world as quickly as information technology. The decision suppon field is no exception to this general truth. A book that is not up-to-date, a book that merely gives the content of the 1980s a new look, will not serve its students well. The content of this book is as cument as possible.

The technology is up-to-date throughont. This is most evident in Chapter 5, where hardware issues are covered, but shows up in most other areas as well.

The Web pervades this book as much as it pervades our world. It is discussed explicitly as a DSS platform. In the data warehousing arena, WOLAP is covered with examples.

The last third of the book is devoted totally to the new and vital area of data warehousing. Nobody can claim to understand DSS today without having studied this key topic in depth. This section covers the approaches in use today, arranging them so the student can understand how they relate to each other and enabling the reader to son through competing vendor claims.

Material on expen systems, long a staple of DSS texts, has been cut back to one chapter.

HOW THIS BOOK IS ORGANIZED

Decision Support ond Data Warehouse Systems is divided into three major pans. They are described funher in Section I.6, "The Plan of This Book." Each major pan opens with a brief introduction to the entire pan.

Pan I, Chapters I to 4. provides an overview of decision suppoH system fundamentals: how people make decisions, how systems work, where modgls fit into the DSS picture. what the benefits of DSS are, and several ways to classify them. The purpose of this classification is this: it we know something about the types of decisions and the types of DSS, and we know what DSS have been useful with cenain decisions in the past, we have a head stan in developing a DSS for a similar decision today.

Part II, Chapters 5 to 11 , covers technical and nontechnical DSS development issues. Chapters 5 and 6 cover the hardware and software technologies that go into DSS. The nontechnical side, including implementation and some ethical issues, is in Chapter 7. The intent throughout is to enable the student to apply the best method to a new situation. Chapters 8 throagh l I then go into panicular types of DSS and imponant aspects of many DSS in more detail. These chapters cover, respectively, the major kinds of models that are useful for decision suppon, optimization, group decision support systems, and expeH systems.

Pan III, Chapters 12 to 15, covers data warehousing. It opens with an introduction to this area and continues through their database, analyzing their contents, and implementation.

Finally, Chapter 16 summarizes the book. It is followed by an Appendix with nine real-world cases that bridge chapter boundaries to reinforce the material.

Each chapter includes:

A chapter outline.

A set of learning objectives for the chapter.

An introduction, which explains why fhe subject of the chapter is wonh taking time to study.

A summary, which recaps the major points made in the chapter.

A list of key terms introduced in the chapter.

A set of simple review questions to check the reader's anderstanding. These require only reterence to Ihe appropriate paragraph(s) of the chapter.

A set of more involved discussion questions to apply the material. These require additional thought. Some also require, or can benefit from, the use of a computer.

References, covering both citations in the chapter and sources of funher depth in the chapter topics.

A case, about the fictional Fort Lowell Trading Company department store chain,I to show how the concepts and principles of that chapter work out in practice. FLTC is introduced at the end of Chapter I. Each episode of this running case includes discussion qaestions.

SUPPLEMENTS

Adopters of this book can obtain the following items, in addition to the book itself:

An instructor's manual with suggestions for presenting the material. for class projects, and other information that will help make a DSS course snccessful.

A test bank, which instrnctors can use to develop exams.

A set of PowerPoint presentations for every chapter.3

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

No person can sit down unaided at a word processor and hope to arise some time later with a finished manuscript. I am indebted to many people for much that is in these pages. In paHicular, I wish to thank:

The more than IOO DSS students at the University of Massachusetts, Lowell, who suffered through several versions of this book in manuscript form and whose comments improved it substantially.

The thousands of DSS students and teachers who used Understanding Decision Support Systems and Expert Systems (Irwin, 1994) and whose feedback led to many of the improvements in the present book.

The reviewers, both the anonymous ones and the ones whose names I know, who pointed out many errors and opportunities for improvement in earlier drafts. Since I ignored their advice in a few places, I retain the blame for any remaining problems.

The editors and production staff at Irwin/McGraw-Hill, who kept after me to ensure that the book was as good as I was capable of making it.

The many educators and MIS professionals who have worked in DSS and related fields over the past several decades and who have taken the time to record what they have learned. I hope I have added some useful insight here and there but, as with any textbook, I can claim originality for only a small part of its content.

The software vendors who have provided examples of how decision support software works, often with screen photographs to enhance the book.

The administration of the University of Massachusetts, Lowell, which granted me sabbatical leave to develop the manuscript for this book.

My family, who understood the needs of someone trying to do creative work. They gave me the schedule nexibility to write it and supponed my sometimes unusual needs during the process.

If Decision Support and Data Warehouse Systems helps students develop into practicing professionals who understand what DSS are about and how to construct systems that meet decision makers' suppon needs, it will have achieved its most impoHant objective.

Efrem G. Mallach