检测、估值与调制理论（卷III）——雷达一声纳信号处理与噪声中的高斯信号（英文版） (2010 年度畅销榜NO.24674 )

本书是一本非常实用的详细介绍检测、估值与调制理沦的教学参考书。本书主要介绍雷达—声纳信号处理以及噪声中的高斯信号。其中包括高斯信号的检测、随机过程参数的估计、雷达—声纳问题、估值问题的特殊种类、多普勒扩展目标与信道、范围扩展目标与信道、双扩展目标与信道等内容。\r\n\r\n 本书可用做通信与电子、信息与信号处理等专业的高年级本科生、研究牛的教材，也可作为相关人员的参考书。\r\n
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1 Introduction \r\n\r\n 1.1 Review of Parts I and II \r\n\r\n 1.2 Random Signals in Noise \r\n\r\n 1.3 Signal Processing in Radar-Sonar Systems \r\n\r\n References \r\n\r\n 2 Detection of Gaussian Signals in White Gaussian Noise \r\n\r\n 2.1 Optimum Receivers \r\n\r\n 2.1.1 Canonical Realization No. 1: Estimator-Correlator \r\n\r\n 2.1.2 Canonical Realization No. 2: Filter-Correlator Receiver \r\n\r\n 2.1.3 Canonical Realization No. 3: Filter-Squarer-Integrator (FSI) Receiver \r\n\r\n 2.1.4 Canonical Realization No. 4: Optimum Realizable Filter Receiver \r\n\r\n 2.1.5 Canonical Realization No. 4S: State-variable Realization \r\n\r\n 2.1.6 Summary: Receiver Structures \r\n\r\n 2.2 Performance \r\n\r\n 2.2.1 Closed-form Expression for (s) \r\n\r\n 2.2.2 Approximate Error Expressions \r\n\r\n 2.2.3 An Alternative Expression for R(s) \r\n\r\n 2.2.4 Performance for a Typical System \r\n\r\n 2.3 Summary: Simple Binary Detection \r\n\r\n 2.4 Problems \r\n\r\n References \r\n\r\n 3 General Binary Detection: Gaussian Processes \r\n\r\n 3.1 Model and Problem Classification \r\n\r\n 3.2 Receiver Structures \r\n\r\n 3.2.1 Whitening Approach \r\n\r\n 3.2.2 Various Implementations of the Likelihood RatioTest \r\n\r\n 3.2.3 Summary: Receiver Structures \r\n\r\n 3.3 Performance \r\n\r\n 3.4 Four Special Situations \r\n\r\n 3.4.1 Binary Symmetric Case \r\n\r\n 3.4.2 Non-zero Means \r\n\r\n 3.4.3 Stationary'Carrier-symmetric' Bandpass Problems \r\n\r\n 3.4.4 Error Probability for the Binary Symmetric Bandpass Problem \r\n\r\n 3.5 General Binary Case: White Noise Not Necessarily Present: Singular Tests \r\n\r\n 3.5.1 Receiver Derivation \r\n\r\n 3.5.2 Performance: General Binary Case \r\n\r\n 3.5.3 Singularity \r\n\r\n 3.6 Summary: General Binary Problem \r\n\r\n 3.7 Problems \r\n\r\n References \r\n\r\n 4 SpeciaICategoriesofDetectionProblerns \r\n\r\n 4.1 Stationary Processes: Long Observation Time \r\n\r\n 4.1.1 Simple Binary Problem \r\n\r\n 4.1.2 General Binary Problem \r\n\r\n 4.1.3 Summary: SPLOT Problem \r\n\r\n 4.2 Separable Kernels \r\n\r\n 4.2.1 Separable Kernel Model \r\n\r\n 4.2.2 Time Diversity \r\n\r\n 4.2.3 Frequency Diversity \r\n\r\n 4.2.4 Summary: Separable Kernels \r\n\r\n 4.3 Low-Energy-Coherence (LEC) Case \r\n\r\n 4.4 Summary \r\n\r\n 4.5 Problems \r\n\r\n References \r\n\r\n 5 Discussion: Detection of Gaussian Signals \r\n\r\n 5.1 Related Topics \r\n\r\n 5.1.1 M-ary Detection: Gaussian Signals in Noise \r\n\r\n 5.1.2 Suboptimum Receivers \r\n\r\n 5.1.3 Adaptive Receivers \r\n\r\n 5.1.4 Non-Gaussian Processes \r\n\r\n 5.1.5 Vector Gaussian Processes \r\n\r\n 5.2 Summary of Detection Theory \r\n\r\n 5.3 Problems \r\n\r\n References \r\n\r\n 6 Estimation of the Parameters of a Random Process \r\n\r\n 6.1 Parameter Estimation Model \r\n\r\n 6.2 Estimator Structure \r\n\r\n 6.2.1 Derivation of the Likelihood Function \r\n\r\n 6.2.2 Maximum Likelihood and Maximum A-Posteriori Probability Equations \r\n\r\n 6.3 Performance Analysis \r\n\r\n 6.3.1 A Lower Bound on the Variance \r\n\r\n 6.3.2 Calculation of J(2)(A) \r\n\r\n 6.3.3 Lower Bound on the Mean-Square Error \r\n\r\n 6.3.4 Improved Performance Bounds \r\n\r\n 6.4 Summary \r\n\r\n 6.5 Problems \r\n\r\n References \r\n\r\n 7 Special Categories of Estimation Problems \r\n\r\n 7.1 Stationary Processes: Long Observation Time \r\n\r\n 7.1.1 General Results \r\n\r\n 7.1.2 Performance of Truncated Estimates \r\n\r\n 7.1.3 Suboptimum Receivers \r\n\r\n 7.1.4 Summary \r\n\r\n 7.2 Finite-State Processes \r\n\r\n 7.3 Separable Kernels \r\n\r\n 7.4 Low-Energy-Coherence Case \r\n\r\n 7.5 Related Topics \r\n\r\n 7.5.1 Multiple-Parameter Estimation \r\n\r\n 7.5.2 Composite-Hypothesis Tests \r\n\r\n 7.6 Summary of Estimation Theory \r\n\r\n 7.7 Problems \r\n\r\n References \r\n\r\n 8 The Radar-sonar Problem \r\n\r\n References \r\n\r\n 9 Detection of Slowly Fluctuating Point Targets \r\n\r\n 9.1 Model of a Slowly Fluctuating Point Target \r\n\r\n 9.2 White Bandpass Noise \r\n\r\n 9.3 Colored Bandpass Noise \r\n\r\n 9.4 Colored Noise with a Finite State Representation \r\n\r\n 9.4.1 Differential-equation Representation of the Optimum Receiver and Its Performance: I \r\n\r\n 9.4.2 Differential-equation Representation of the Optimum Receiver and Its Performance: II \r\n\r\n 9.5 Optimal Signal Design \r\n\r\n 9.6 Summary and Related Issues \r\n\r\n 9.7 Problems \r\n\r\n References \r\n\r\n 10 Parameter Estimation: Slowly Fluctuating Point Targets \r\n\r\n 10.1 Receiver Derivation and Signal Design \r\n\r\n 10.2 Performance of the Optimum Estimator \r\n\r\n 10.2.1 Local Accuracy \r\n\r\n 10.2.2 Global Accuracy (or Ambiguity) \r\n\r\n 10.2.3 Summary \r\n\r\n 10.3 Properties of Time-Frequency Autocorrelation Functions and Ambiguity Functions \r\n\r\n 10.4 Coded Pulse Sequences \r\n\r\n 10.4.1 On-off Sequences \r\n\r\n 10.4.2 Constant Power, Amplitude-modulated Waveforms \r\n\r\n 10.4.3 Other Coded Sequences \r\n\r\n 10.5 Resolution \r\n\r\n 10.5.1 Resolution in a Discrete Environment: Model \r\n\r\n 10.5.2 Conventional Receivers \r\n\r\n 10.5.3 Optimum Receiver: Discrete Resolution Problem \r\n\r\n 10.5.4 Summary of Resolution Results \r\n\r\n 10.6 Summary and Related Topics \r\n\r\n 10.6.1 Summary \r\n\r\n 10.6.2 Related Topics \r\n\r\n 10.7 Problems \r\n\r\n Refereaces \r\n\r\n 11 Doppler-Spread Targets and Channels \r\n\r\n 11.1 Model for Doppler-Spread Target (or Channel) \r\n\r\n 11.2 Detection of Doppler-Spread Targets \r\n\r\n 11.2.1 Likelihood Ratio Test \r\n\r\n 11.2.2 Canonical Receiver Realizations \r\n\r\n 11.2.3 Performance of the Optimum Receiver \r\n\r\n 11.2.4 Classes of Processes \r\n\r\n 11.2.5 Summary \r\n\r\n 11.3 Communication Over Doppler-Spread Channels \r\n\r\n 11.3.1 Binary Communications Systems: Optimum Receiver and Performance \r\n\r\n 11.3.2 Performance Bounds for Optimized Binary Systems \r\n\r\n 11.3.3 Suboptimum Receivers \r\n\r\n 11.3.4 M-ary Systems \r\n\r\n 11.3.5 Summary: Communication over Doppler spread Channels \r\n\r\n 11.4 Parameter Estimation: Doppler-Spread Targets \r\n\r\n 11.5 Summary: Doppler-Spread Targets and Channels \r\n\r\n 11.6 Problems \r\n\r\n References \r\n\r\n 12 Range-Spread Targets and Channels \r\n\r\n 12.1 Model and Intuitive Discussion \r\n\r\n 12.2 Detection of Range-Spread Targets \r\n\r\n 12.3 Time-Frequency Duality \r\n\r\n 12.3.1 Basic Duality Concepts \r\n\r\n 12.3.2 Dual Targets and Channels \r\n\r\n 12.3.3 Applications \r\n\r\n 12.4 Summary: Range-Spread Targets \r\n\r\n 12.5 Problems \r\n\r\n References \r\n\r\n 13 Doubly-Spread Targets and Channels \r\n\r\n 13.1 Model for a Doubly-Spread Target \r\n\r\n 13.1.1 Basic Model \r\n\r\n 13.1.2 Differential-Equation Model for a Doubly Spread Target (or Channel) \r\n\r\n 13.1.3 Model Summary \r\n\r\n 13.2 Detection in the Presence of Reverberation or Clutter (Resolution in a Dense Environment) \r\n\r\n 13.2.1 Conventional Receiver \r\n\r\n 13.2.2 Optimum Receivers \r\n\r\n 13.2.3 Summary of the Reverberation Problem \r\n\r\n 13.3 Detection of Doubly-Spread Targets and Communication over Doubly-Spread Channels \r\n\r\n 13.3.1 Problem Formulation \r\n\r\n 13.3.2 Approximate Models for Doubly-Spread Targets and Doubly-Spread Channels \r\n\r\n 13.3.3 Binary Communication over Doubly-Spread Channels \r\n\r\n 13.3.4 Detection under LEC Conditions \r\n\r\n 13.3.5 Related Topics \r\n\r\n 13.3.6 Summary of Detection of Doubly-Spread Signals \r\n\r\n 13.4 Parameter Estimation for Doubly-Spread Targets \r\n\r\n 13.4.1 Estimation under LEC Conditions \r\n\r\n 13.4.2 Amplitude Estimation \r\n\r\n 13.4.3 Estimation of Mean Range and Doppler \r\n\r\n 13.4.4 Summary \r\n\r\n 13.5 Summary of Doubly-Spread Targets and Channels \r\n\r\n 13.6 Problems \r\n\r\n References \r\n\r\n 14 Discussion \r\n\r\n 14.1 Summary: Signal Processing in Radar and Sonar Systems \r\n\r\n 14.2 Optimum Array Processing \r\n\r\n 14.3 Epilogue \r\n\r\n References \r\n\r\n Appendix: Complex Representation of Bandpass Signals,Systems, and Processes \r\n\r\n A.1 Deterministic Signals \r\n\r\n A.2 Bandpass Linear Systems \r\n\r\n A.2.1 Time-lnvariant Systems \r\n\r\n A.2.2 Time-Varying Systems \r\n\r\n A.2.3 State-Variable Systems \r\n\r\n A.3 Bandpass Random Processes \r\n\r\n A.3.1 Stationary Processes \r\n\r\n A.3.2 Nonstationary Processes \r\n\r\n A.3.3 Complex Finite-State Processes \r\n\r\n A.4 Summary \r\n\r\n A.5 Problems \r\n\r\n References \r\n\r\n Glossary \r\n\r\n Author Index \r\n\r\n Subject Index \r\n
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In this book I continue the study of detection, estimation, and modulationtheory begun in Part I [1]. I assume that the reader is familiar with thebackground of the overall project that was discussed in the preface of Part I. In the preface to Part II [2] I outlined the revised organization of the material. As I pointed out there, Part III can be read directly after Part I . Thus, some persons will be reading this volume without having seen Part II. Many of the comments in the preface to Part Il are also appropriate here, so I shall repeat the pertinent ones.

At the time Part I was published, inJanuary 1968, I had completed the "final" draft for Part II. During the spring term of 1968, I used this draft as a text for an advanced graduate course at M.I.T. and in the summer of 1968, I started to revise the manuscript to incorporate student comments and include some new research results. In September 1968, I became involved in a television project in the Center for Advanced Engineering Study at M.I.T. During this project, I made fifty hours of videotaped lectures on applied probability and random processes for distribution toindustry and universities as part of a self-study package. The net result of this involvement was that the revision of the manuscript was not resumed until April 1969. In the intervening period, my students and I had obtained more research results that I felt should be included. As I began the final revision, two observations were apparent. The first observation was that the manuscript has become so large that it was economically impractical to publish it as a single volume. The second observation was that since I was treating four major topics in detail, it was unlikely that many

readers would actually use all of the book. Because several of the topics can be studied independently, with only Part I as background, I decided to divide the material into three sections: Part II, Part III, and a short monograph on Optimum Array Processing [3]. This division involved some further editing, but I felt it was warranted in view of increased flexibility it gives both readers and instructors. In Part II, I treated nonlinear modulation theory. In this part, I treat

the random signal problem and radar/sonar. Finally, in the monograph, I discuss optimum array processing. The interdependence of the various parts is shown graphically in the following table. It can be seen that Part II is completely separate from Part III and Optimum Array Processing.

The first half of Optimum Array Processing can be studied directly after Part I, but the second half requires some background from Part III. Although the division of the material has several advantages, it has one major disadvantage. One of my primary objectives is to present a unified

treatment that enables the reader to solve problems from widely diverse physical situations. Unless the reader sees the widespread applicability of the basic ideas he may fail to appreciate their importance. Thus, I strongly encourage all serious students to read at least the more basic results in all

three parts.

The character of this book is appreciably different that that of Part I. It can perhaps be best described as a mixture of a research monograph and a graduate level text. It has the characteristics of a research monograph in that it studies particular questions in detail and develops a number of new research results in the course of this study. In many cases it explores topics which are still subjects of active research and is forced to leave some questions unanswered. It has the characteristics ora graduate level text in that it presents the material in an orderly fashion and develops almost all of the necessary results internally.

The book should appeal to three classes of readers. The first class consists of graduate students. The random signal problem, discussed in Chapters 2 to 7, is a logical extension of our earlier work with deterministic signals and completes the hierarchy of problems we set out to solve. The last half of the book studies the radar/sonar problem and some facets of the digital communication problem in detail. It is a thorough study of how one applies statistical theory to an important problem area. I feel that it provides a useful educational experience, even for students who have no ultimate interest in radar, sonar, or communications, because it demonstrates system design techniques which will be useful in other fields.

The second class consists of researchers in this field. Within the areas studied, the results are close to the current research frontiers. In many places, specific research problems are suggested that are suitable for thesis or industrial research.

The third class consists of practicing engineers. In the course of the development, a number of problems of system design and analysis are carried out. The techniques used and results obtained are directly applicable to many current problems. The material is in a form that is suitable for presentation in a short course or industrial course for practicing engineers. I have used preliminary versions in such courses for several years.

The problems deserve some mention. As in Part I, there are a large number of problems because I feel that problem solving is an essential part of the learning process. The problems cover a wide range of difficulty and are designed to both augment and extend the discussion in the text. Some of the problems require outside reading, or require the use of engineering judgement to make approximations or ask for discussion of some issues. These problems are sometimes frustrating to the student but I feel that they serve a useful purpose. In a few of the problems I had to use numerical calculations to get the answer. I strongly urge instructors to work a particular problem before assigning it. Solutions to the problems will be available in the near future.

As in Part I, I have tried to make the notation mnemonic. All of the notation is summarized in the glossary at the end of the book. I have tried to make my list of references as complete as possible and acknowledge any ideas due to other people.

Several people have contributed to the development of this book. Professors Arthur Baggeroer, Estil Hoversten, and Donald Snyder of the M.I.T. faculty, and Lewis Collins of Lincoln Laboratory, carefully read and criticized the entire book. Their suggestions were invaluable. R. R. Kurth read several chapters and offered useful suggestions. A number of graduate students offered comments which improved the text. My secretary, Miss Camille Tortorici, typed the entire manuscript several times.

My research at M.I.T. was partly supported by the Joint Services and by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the auspices of the Research Laboratory of Electronics. I did the final editing while on Sabbatical Leave at Trinity College, Dublin. Professor Brendan Scaife of the Engineering School provided me office facilities during this period, and M.I.T. provided financial assistance. I am thankful for all of the above support.

Harry L. Van Trees

Dublin, Ireland,

REFERENCES

[1] Harry L. Van Trees, Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory, Pt. I, Wiley,New York, 1968.

[2] Harry L. Van Trees, Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory, Pt. Il, Wiley,New York, 1971.

[3] Harry L. Van Trees, Optimum Array Processing, Wiley, New York, 1971.

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